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Pythagoras: His Tenets and His Followers

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Pythagoras was one of the most influential philosophers in ancient Europe. He was born around 580 B.C., either on the island of Samos in the Aegean Sea or, as some suggest, in Sidon, Phoenicia. His early life isn't well-documented, but we do know he won awards for athletic skills in the Olympic Games. As an adult, he felt limited by the knowledge available in his homeland, so he traveled extensively, visiting places like Egypt, India, Persia, Crete, and Palestine. From these travels, he gained deep insight into both the public and hidden teachings of each culture.

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When Pythagoras returned home, he hoped to start a school, but the local ruler, Polycrates, made it impossible. So, he moved to Crotona in southern Italy, where he successfully founded a school that became widely known for its focus on learning and wisdom. Here, he taught the esoteric knowledge he had gathered from Egyptian hierophants, Indian Brahmins, the Oracle of Delphi, and the Hebrew Kabbalah. For nearly 40 years, he instructed his students, but eventually, a rebellion forced him to flee to Metapontum, where he died around 500 B.C.

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Several ancient authors wrote about Pythagoras and his teachings. Some of the notable ones include:

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Pythagoras’ school had unique rules: new members had to remain silent for five years, students shared everything, and they avoided eating meat. They also believed in reincarnation and had deep trust in Pythagoras, often accepting his words without question. The students formed close bonds with each other, living by the principle "my friend is my other self."

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Pythagorean teachings were mainly secret, and students advanced through the school based on merit and ability. No one was allowed to write down the teachings during their lifetime, and much of what we know comes from later followers and critics.

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Pythagoras divided his teachings into two main areas: the science of numbers and the theory of magnitude. Numbers, he believed, were the foundation of all existence. He introduced the mathematical concepts of arithmetic and musical harmony, as well as geometry (focused on stillness) and astronomy (focused on movement). He is credited with bringing knowledge of numbers, music, and physics to Europe.

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In Pythagoras’ system, numbers represented more than quantities; they embodied qualities of reality itself. For example, the Monad (One) symbolized unity and intuition, while the Dyad (Two) represented reasoning. Every object, planet, and concept was assigned a numerical value. His followers, like Iamblichus, carried on these ideas, calling them the teachings of the "Italian school" or "Doric school."

Pythagoras’ method of teaching involved using numbers as symbolic tools to explain the nature of the universe. This method, similar to what we find in modern mystical texts like H.P. Blavatsky’s The Secret Doctrine, suggests that numbers unlock the mysteries of both spiritual and physical existence.

The school had various levels of students, starting as listeners and, through merit, progressing to higher ranks, including the Mathematici or the elite Esoterici.

Pythagorean Views on Numbers

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Pythagorean mathematics starts by dividing numbers into two categories: even and odd. An even number is one that can be split into two equal parts without leaving anything behind, while an odd number leaves a leftover "1" (called the monad) when divided in half.

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All even numbers (except 2) can be split into both equal and unequal parts. For example, 10 can be divided into 5 and 5 (equal parts), or into 3 and 7 (unequal but both odd), or 6 and 4 (both even). Odd numbers, however, are only divisible into unequal parts, such as 7 splitting into 4 and 3 or 5 and 2.

The monad (1) was considered the first "odd" number by the ancients because it can’t be split evenly. Adding 1 to an even number makes it odd, but adding even numbers to each other always results in an even number.

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Quick note from the student:

odd + odd = even

even + even = even

even + odd = odd

even + 1 = odd

odd + 1 = even

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Aristotle mentioned that the monad also has a connection to even numbers because adding it to odd numbers makes them even. This is why it’s sometimes called "evenly odd."

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Pythagoreans also believed that numbers represented more than just quantities; they symbolized qualities of the universe. For example, 1 (the monad) represented unity and order, while 2 (the dyad) represented the unknown or disorder. As numbers increase, each number is built from the one before it, and the relationships between them gradually become smaller and less obvious.

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One interesting observation is that any number is about half the sum of the numbers around it. For example, 5 is half the sum of 4 and 6, as well as 3 and 7. The monad, however, stands alone, with nothing below it to compare to, which is why it’s called "the source of all things."

There are different kinds of numbers in Pythagorean thought, such as "evenly even" numbers, which can be divided in half multiple times until reaching 1 (like 64). There are also "evenly odd" numbers, like 6, that can be split into equal parts, but those parts can’t be further split into equals.

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Odd numbers are divided into three groups:

  1. Prime or "first" odd numbers, like 3, 5, and 7, which are only divisible by 1.

  2. Composite odd numbers, like 9 and 15, which are divisible by other numbers besides 1.

  3. Numbers that are both composite and prime, depending on the context (strictly mathematical or symbolic), like 9 and 25.

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Pythagoras also divided even numbers into three categories:

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The Pythagoreans believed perfect numbers represented balance and virtue, while deficient and superabundant numbers symbolized excess or lack, like the extremes of good and evil.

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Pythagoras’ students used numbers to understand the universe’s deeper meanings. They even referred to odd numbers as Gnomons because, when added to square numbers, they maintain the shape of squares, similar to geometric principles.

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Hermaphrodite numbers were those formed by multiplying an odd and even number together. The Pythagoreans saw numbers as deeply connected to the natural world and to philosophical ideas, believing that good was definite and evil was indefinite.

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Lastly, Pythagoras and his followers claimed to have heard the Music of the Spheres—harmonic sounds made by the movement of the planets—and calculated their distances and sizes using mathematical principles.

The Kaballah on Numbers

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Many ancient civilizations used the letters of their alphabets to represent numbers instead of creating separate symbols for them. We are particularly interested in how the Hebrew letters were used as numbers, and to a lesser extent, the Greek system. While the Greeks mainly used their numbers for practical purposes, the Jewish Rabbis assigned deeper meanings to numbers, connecting them to spiritual ideas, existence, and doctrine. The ancient Egyptians were also aware of the mysteries numbers could reveal, but oddly, Greek literature passed on very little of the Egyptian teachings on this subject.

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The Jewish Rabbis found so much hidden meaning in numbers that they developed a science called the Kabbalah (or Qabalah, Cabbala, etc.), which means "Received doctrine." It explores numerical ideas beyond mathematics and uses the Hebrew alphabet to represent numbers. The Greeks didn't develop their letters for this purpose in the same way, though, in the Middle Ages, Greek letters were sometimes used to mirror the Hebrew system, forming a type of "Greek Kabbalah."

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One key point to remember is that Hebrew is read from right to left, unlike English, so the order of letters and numbers follows a different pattern.

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Please follow this link to see a table of the Hebrew letters and their numerical values.​

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Kabalah and Its Divisions

The Kabbalah includes two main branches: Dogmatic Kabbalah, which focuses on religious and cosmic teachings, and Literal Kabbalah, which deals with numbers and their hidden meanings. This system tied together the alphabet, planets, stars, and zodiac signs for divination. Through this, Kabbalists tried to predict future events, detect theft, and analyze fortune or misfortune.

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Three main methods were used to explore these meanings:

  1. Gematria – A system where the numerical values of letters in a word are added up and compared to other words with the same total, revealing connections between them.

    For example, the Hebrew phrase "three men" (Genesis 18:2) adds up to 701. The names "Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael" also add up to 701, suggesting these three men were the archangels.

  2. Notarikon – This method involves taking the first or last letters of words in a sentence to form a new word, or vice versa. For instance, in Deuteronomy 30:12, the Hebrew phrase "Who shall go up for us to heaven?" forms the word Mylah (circumcision) from the first letters of the words in the sentence.

  3. Temurah – This method involves rearranging or substituting letters in a word according to set rules to create new words. One technique, Atbash, switches letters by reversing the alphabet. For example, the word "Babel" becomes "Sheshak" through this system.

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In addition to these methods, the Kabbalists also used Magic Squares, where numbers were arranged in grids to create special totals that revealed hidden meanings. For example, the magic square for Mars is a 5x5 grid where each row and column adds up to 65.​​

The Monad – 1

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The number One, or the Monad, was described by the mathematician Theon of Smyrna as the foundation of all numbers. While other numbers can be reduced or divided, One remains unchanged, constant, and indivisible. Even when multiplied by itself, it remains One. It cannot be divided or taken apart, making it unique among numbers. Proclus, a philosopher, noted that the first Monad is the universe itself, followed by the stars, the planets, and the elements, each considered a type of Monad, representing wholeness.

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The Monad, or One, has been given many symbolic meanings. According to Photius, the Pythagoreans used it to represent:

  1. God, the First of all things, the Maker of all things.

  2. Intellect, the source of all ideas.

  3. Male and female, the combination that produces everything.

  4. Matter, the physical manifestation of the universe.

  5. Chaos, representing the infinite and undifferentiated.

  6. Confusion.

  7. Mixing or blending.

  8. Obscurity, symbolizing the unclear nature of the divine.

  9. A chasm, a void.

  10. Tartarus, the deep abyss.

  11. The Styx, symbolizing its unchanging nature.

  12. Horror, because it represents the unknown.

  13. Purity, being simple and without mixture.

  14. Forgetfulness, representing ignorance.

  15. A virgin, symbolizing purity.

  16. Atlas, supporting and connecting all things.

  17. The Sun.

  18. Apollo.

  19. Fire, represented as Pyralios.

  20. Morpho.

  21. The Axis.

  22. Vesta, fire at the earth’s center.

  23. Spermatic Reason, the seed of creation.

  24. "The point within a circle," symbolizing the Central Fire Deity.

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In Hinduism, the Monad was symbolized by the lingam, an upright pillar representing the creative force.

The Monad is considered the "Father" of numbers, which is why odd numbers were often considered superior to even ones. Odd numbers were assigned to the greater gods, while even numbers were given to lesser deities. In Roman and Arabic numerals, One is represented by a simple vertical line, and in many ancient systems, the letter "A" was used to represent the Monad.

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In Roman numerals, counting began with lines: I for 1, II for 2, and so on. When they reached 5, they used an angle, V. For 10, they doubled it to make X, and so on.

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The philosopher Hermias, in his work Ridicule of the Gentile Philosophers, quoted the Pythagoreans as saying, "The Monad is the Beginning of all things."

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The number One signifies identity, equality, and existence. It symbolizes humans standing upright, the only creatures to do so. Adding a head to the symbol makes it resemble the letter P, which symbolizes creative power and paternity. Adding another stroke turns it into the letter R, signifying movement or advancement.

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The Hebrew word for One is Achad (אֶחָד), and it is often used to refer to God. The Talmud teaches that God's presence can rest even on just one person studying the Law. It also states that a single pang of remorse is more valuable for personal growth than multiple punishments.

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The Talmud advises that one valuable thing earned through effort is worth more than many things obtained easily. It also warns that it's risky for a person to sleep alone, as they may be attacked by Lilith, the night demon said to have been Adam's first wife, who also threatens newborn infants without protection.

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Rabbi Nathan gave the wise advice: "Repent one day before your death." This reminds us to always be prepared and to strive for growth in knowledge and virtue every day.

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In Buddhism, the teaching is to always work and pray, as life is an ongoing journey upwards.

The Dyad – 2

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Just like the Monad (One), the Dyad (Two) was associated with many different meanings, often seeming quite unrelated. It was considered the opposite of the Monad, representing difference and separation, while the Monad stood for unity and sameness. The Dyad was connected with duality, opposition, and imbalance, while the Monad was linked to wholeness and stability. Together, they were seen as Bound and Infinity.

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Here are some key meanings given to the Dyad:

  1. Audacity: It was the first to break away from the Divine Unity.

  2. Matter: It symbolizes physical form and division.

  3. The interval between the Monad and Multiplicity: The Dyad is not quite a multitude but leads to it.

  4. Fountain of Symphony and Harmony.

  5. Attraction (Erato): It draws the Monad toward it, like love forming a union.

  6. Patience: The Dyad endures separation from unity.

  7. Intelligible Intellect (Phanes).

  8. Source of Female Divinities: Associated with goddesses like Rhea and Isis.

  9. Cupid: Like Erato, it desires union with its opposite.

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In Astronomy, we talk about two nodes, the Caput (head) and Cauda Draconis (tail of the dragon). In Astrology, the planets are viewed as either Benefic (positive) or Malefic (negative).

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The Two Pillars at the entrance of Solomon’s Temple, Jachin and Boaz, symbolize strength and stability, much like the mythological figures Kratos and Bia, who represent male and female forces binding Prometheus.

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In Chinese philosophy, blue is seen as the color of heaven because it is a mix of red (male) and black (female), symbolizing active and passive forces.

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The followers of Pythagoras saw two types of enjoyment: indulgence in physical pleasures (like the Sirens’ song) and honest, just pleasures that don’t lead to regret.

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In Egyptian hieroglyphics, two serpents entwined around an egg represented the world, while the serpent and tree symbolized knowledge and temptation, echoing the story of the Tree of Knowledge in the Bible.

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Duality introduces the concept of Evil as an alternative to Unity or Good. It also points to natural and human contrasts like night and day, health and disease, truth and falsehood, male and female.

In History, kings numbered the second of their name, like William II, Edward II, and Richard II of England, were all murdered, associating the number Two with misfortune.

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The Romans dedicated the second month to Pluto, god of the underworld, and made sacrifices on the second day to honor the dead.

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The Talmuds of the Jews contained many ideas about the number Two, such as the belief that two angels (one good and one bad) accompany a person on the eve of the Sabbath. If the house is in order, the good angel blesses it, but if not, the evil angel curses it.

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In the New Testament, we see pairs in action: two disciples were sent to prepare the Passover, two angels rescued Lot, and two witnesses are mentioned in the Book of Revelation.

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The Dyad also symbolizes the male and female, whose union leads to the creation of life. Ancient philosophers understood the importance of this pairing long before modern science revealed the roles of the sperm and egg in reproduction.

The Triad – 3

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According to Photius, the Triad (Three) is the first odd number with active energy and is considered the first perfect number. It holds a middle position and is key to making comparisons and analogies.

The Pythagoreans connected the number Three to Physiology because it represents all things with three dimensions (length, width, and height). It was also seen as the cause of good advice, intelligence, and knowledge. Additionally, the Triad was called the "Mistress of Music" and "Mistress of Geometry" because three is central to many aspects of both fields, such as the triangle in geometry and harmonic structures in music.

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The number Three was connected to many things in Mythology:

  1. Saturn (representing time: past, present, and future).

  2. Latona (mother of Apollo and Diana).

  3. The Horn of Amalthea, the magical goat that nurtured Zeus.

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Number Three is the first number that grows more by multiplication than by addition, making it special.

In ancient thought, comparisons were made using at least three terms, which is why three was considered central to making analogies.

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In Astronomy, Three is important because the zodiac is divided into three types of signs: fixed, movable, and common. Each zodiac sign also has three "faces" and three "decans." In Astrology, there are three planets considered fortunate and three that are unfortunate.

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At the Delphic Oracle, messages were delivered from a tripod (a three-legged stand), which symbolized the number's perfection.

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In Music, Three is important because harmony is based on three main intervals: the octave (Diapason), the fifth (Diapente), and the fourth (Diatessaron).

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In mythology, there are many famous groups of three:

  • The Three Fates: Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos.

  • The Three Furies: Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera.

  • The Three Graces: Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia.

  • The Three Judges of the Underworld: Minos, Aeacus, and Rhadamanthus.

  • The Three Horæ: Eunomia (Order), Dike (Justice), and Eirene (Peace).

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Jupiter's thunder is said to be threefold, and Hecate is often called "triple" because of her threefold nature. Neptune’s trident and Siva’s trisula (three-pronged spear) also reference this number.

The Jewish Rabbis noted many things about the number Three. For example, the number Three appears in the cities of refuge and various night watches. Three dreams were said to be trustworthy: the last dream of the morning, a dream shared by a neighbor, and a dream repeated twice.

In Christianity, the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) holds special significance. Similarly, other cultures and religions have their own sacred triads, such as the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva (Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer).

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In Roman traditions, the number Three appeared in rituals. For example, cords with three strands were used in sacrifices, and objects were carried around the altar three times.

The Norse mythology also highlights Three with the Yggdrasil, the World Tree, which had three roots leading to different realms: the home of the gods (Asgard), the giants (Jotenheim), and the unknown (Nifleheim).

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The Talmud has many sayings involving Three:

  • There are three things that calm a person: music, scenery, and sweet scents.

  • Three gifts were given to the Jews: the Law of Moses, the Land of Israel, and Paradise.

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The Brahmins (in Hinduism) believed in three great paths to salvation, and the three Gunas (qualities) of nature: Satva (balance), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia).

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The number Three often symbolizes completeness, wholeness, and balance across many cultures and belief systems.

Three and a Half – 3½

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W.F. Shaw highlights the mystical importance of the number 3½, which is half of seven. It represents present suffering in contrast to future joy. Several significant events are connected to this number:

  • The famine during the time of Elijah, when Israel was oppressed by Ahab and Jezebel, lasted 3½ years.

  • Antiochus Epiphanes persecuted the church for 3½ years.

  • Forty-two months (or 3½ years) are often symbolic of periods of hardship.

  • Jesus preached for 3½ years.

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In the Book of Revelation, the Bride of Christ (the Lamb’s wife) suffers in the wilderness for 1,260 days, which is 3½ years (referred to as "a time, times, and a half"). The Holy City is also said to be trampled underfoot for forty-two months (again, 3½ years). Additionally, the two witnesses in Revelation testify for 3½ years, and their bodies remain unburied for 3½ days after their death. Similarly, in Daniel 12:7, the scattering of the holy people is said to last for three and a half times, indicating a period of suffering.

The Tetrad – 4

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The Pythagoreans held the number Four in high regard, calling it a "great miracle" and the "fountain of Nature." It was considered a symbol of stability, order, and the key to the mathematical world. The number Four was seen as both masculine and feminine, connected with various deities like Mercury, Vulcan, Bacchus, and Urania (the Muse of Astronomy). In music, it formed the symphony known as dis-diapason (an octave).

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The number Four also represented justice as it was the first evenly even number (an even number that can be divided into two even-numbered  halves). In religious symbolism, Four was linked to the Tetragrammaton (IHVH or YHWH), the unpronounceable name of God in Hebrew tradition. Many ancient cultures used a four-letter name for God, such as Adad (Assyrian), Amun (Egyptian), and Allah (Arabic).

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The Tetractys, a sacred symbol to the Pythagoreans, was based on the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. These numbers, when added together, equal 10, considered the perfect number. The Tetractys was central to Pythagorean thought and represented the harmony of the universe.

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The number Four appears in many areas of life and philosophy:

  • In nature: The four elements – Earth, Air, Fire, Water.

  • In time: The four seasons – Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter.

  • In geometry: The square has four sides and four angles.

  • In religion: Four Gospels in Christianity (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) are linked to the four Kerubic forms – Man, Lion, Bull, and Eagle.

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The Four Worlds of the Kabbalah—Atziluth, Briah, Yetzirah, and Assiah—represent different planes of existence, from the highest spiritual realm to the physical world. Each world contains the ten Sephiroth, which are more exalted or manifest depending on the plane.

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In mythology and spirituality, the number Four is significant:

  • The four archangels: Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel.

  • The Four Elements are inhabited by spiritual beings known as Elementals: Gnomes (Earth), Sylphs (Air), Salamanders (Fire), and Undines (Water).

  • In the Egyptian tradition, the organs of the dead were placed in four jars, each representing a cardinal direction and guarded by a protective deity.

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Throughout history, the number Four has been a symbol of balance, stability, and order. It appears in religious texts, ancient rituals, and philosophical teachings, connecting humanity to the cosmos and divine order.

The Pentad – 5

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The number Five held great significance for the Pythagoreans, and much of this comes from the writings of Nicomachus. They considered it a circular and spherical number, because no matter how many times you multiply it, the last digit is always 5. Five represents a change of quality, bringing things into harmony and light. As such, it was associated with light itself.

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Five was also seen as the "Privation of Strife" because it brings together the odd and even numbers 3 and 2, uniting them in friendship. It also symbolized Justice, bringing things into the light, and was considered unconquerable due to its strong geometric properties.

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In terms of life, the Pentad was connected to the three forms of life: vegetative, psychical, and rational. The vegetative aspect, which pertains to growth and reproduction, was linked to the number five.

The number Five had many associations:

  • Nemesis, because it arranges and balances everything in the universe.

  • Venus, because the combination of 2 (female) and 3 (male) within it reflects harmony. Venus was often portrayed as having both masculine and feminine traits.

  • Marriage (Gamelia), as it represents the union of male and female.

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It was also seen as a demi-goddess because Five is half of ten (the Decad), a number representing divine completion. It was called Pallas and connected with Ether, or the fifth element, which was believed to be indestructible and not perceivable by human senses.

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The Pentalpha, or Pentagram (a five-pointed star), was an important symbol of health and protection. It was used as a talisman to ward off evil, and some say it appeared on the signet ring of King Solomon. The Pythagoreans also considered the Pentad a symbol of balance and justice.

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In architecture, there are five orders of classical columns: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. There are also five senses in the human body (though ancient traditions considered there to be seven in total).

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In Jewish tradition, the number five appears frequently:

  • Five gifts were given to the priests.

  • Five years were to pass before eating the fruit of a new tree.

  • Joseph gave his brother Benjamin five suits of clothing.

  • David picked up five stones to fight Goliath.

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The Pentad also played a role in religious teachings and beliefs. In Christianity, Jesus was wounded five times during the crucifixion, and many ancient liturgical practices involved the number five. The five wounds of Christ were commemorated by marking five crosses on altar tables during religious ceremonies.

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In astrology, five aspects of planetary interactions (conjunction, opposition, sextile, trine, and square) are considered in chart readings, representing different influences on a person’s life.

The Brahmins of India spoke of five Skandhas, or attributes of human life: form, perception, consciousness, action, and knowledge. In China, Five represents Heavenly God and is connected to five elements (earth, wood, fire, metal, and water) and five blessings (long life, wealth, health, virtue, and a peaceful death).

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In alchemy, the Quintessence, or fifth element, was considered the purest substance, derived from the four basic elements through careful refinement. This was seen as the progression from stone to plant, animal, human, and finally to divine.

The Hexad – 6

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Nicomachus described the number six as "the form of form," meaning it embodies the harmony and union of the parts of the universe, connecting them into a complete whole. It represents the Soul and is the symbol of Venus, which embodies love, beauty, and balance. Additionally, it was associated with the concept of Harmony and seen as a perfect balance between odd and even numbers, male and female energies.

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The Hexad was often linked to Health, Beauty, and Marriage. Because it can be produced by multiplying the first odd number (3) and the first even number (2), it was thought to represent the union of male and female energies, symbolizing completeness and partnership.

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Symbolism in Religion and Culture

In religious texts, the Hexad has numerous appearances:

  • Genesis states that man was created on the 6th day.

  • Jesus was crucified on the 6th day of the week (Friday).

  • The Israelites had six cities of refuge for those seeking asylum (Numbers 35:6).

  • Seraphim (divine beings) are described as having six wings in the book of Isaiah.

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In Freemasonry, six jewels are present in the lodge, three of which are immovable and serve as symbols for reflection, while the other three are movable and transferable between members.

The Sepher Yetzirah, a key Kabbalistic text, associates the number six with the six directions of space: North, South, East, West, Up, and Down. These directions represent the whole of creation, with the Holy Temple standing in the center.

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Astronomical and Temporal Significance

The Chaldeans and ancient Indians held the number 600 in high regard, which relates to the Hexad through cycles of time, such as the Naros, a 600-year period known for its astronomical significance. After this period, it was believed that celestial and planetary alignments would reset, and all things would be regenerated. The Naros also linked to ideas of metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls, and the return of a divine teacher every 600 years, a concept noted by Dr. Kenealy.

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In astrology, the Hexad is symbolized by the double triangle, known as the Hexalpha or the Shield of David, representing the union of male and female energies or the fusion of divine and human nature.

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The Number 6 in Mythology and Sacred Texts

  • In the Talmud, six is associated with both good and evil. It is said that evil demons share six characteristics with humans and angels: they eat, drink, beget, and die like humans, but also possess wings and can foresee the future like angels.

  • Solomon is said to have had six names in the Talmud, each representing different aspects of his identity.

  • In the Revelations, the number 666 is symbolic of the Great Wicked One, often associated with ultimate sin and temptation.

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The Jews expected the world to end after 6000 years, a belief carried over into some early Christian thought. The Egyptians also revered the number six, holding their highest priests in a group of six, with titles connected to ancient religious mysteries.

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Miscellaneous Associations with the Hexad

  • Botanical symmetry often includes the number six, with many flowers having six petals, six stamens, and three-lobed stigmas.

  • The Lily, often depicted in religious art during the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, has six petals symbolizing purity and divine grace.

  • The Saros, another ancient cycle, lasts for 18 years and 10 days, after which lunar eclipses repeat under similar conditions. This cycle is closely related to the Hexad through its use of the number six in astronomical periods.

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In sum, the Hexad represents balance, harmony, and the union of opposites. Its deep symbolism extends through religious texts, mystical practices, and even ancient mathematical and astronomical systems, reflecting its universality as a symbol of completeness and perfection.

The Heptad – 7

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Pythagoras' followers called the number seven "Septos" (sacred), "divine", and "motherless"—a number with no parents because it is neither produced by the multiplication of any other number nor does it create other numbers through multiplication within the first ten numbers. It was considered a virgin number. In Pythagorean philosophy, it was linked to Minerva (Athena), the goddess of wisdom, who sprang fully formed from the head of Zeus.

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The Heptad was also referred to as Fortune, as it was believed to govern fate and decisions in mortal affairs, and as Voice, corresponding to the seven musical notes and the seven planets, forming the Music of the Spheres. The Heptad was seen as a balancing and ordering principle, linking it to cosmic harmony.

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Cosmological and Astronomical Significance

In ancient astronomy and astrology, there were seven classical planets: the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. These celestial bodies were believed to influence both human life and the natural world. The number seven is frequently connected to astrological symbolism.

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The Pleiades, a group of seven stars in the constellation Taurus, were considered to have great influence over human destiny. Likewise, Ursa Major (the Big Dipper), a prominent constellation associated with the seven sages or Sapta Rishi in Hindu tradition, was revered for its significance in guiding sailors and symbolizing wisdom.

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Human Life and Health

In terms of physiology and human life, ancient philosophers like Hippocrates and Solon of Athens proposed that life was divided into seven-year cycles. These phases are associated with growth, development, maturity, and decline:

  1. Eruption of teeth at age 7.

  2. Puberty around age 14.

  3. Full growth by 21.

  4. Physical strength at 28.

  5. Intellectual peak at 35.

  6. Wisdom and judgment at 42.

  7. Completion of life at 70.

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This idea of life progressing in seven-year increments was considered a natural rhythm.

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Sacred and Religious Connections

The Heptad is a sacred number in many religious contexts. For instance:

  • In the Bible, seven is constantly used to signify completeness and divine perfection: the seven days of creation, seven seals, and seven churches of Asia in the Book of Revelation.

  • In Judaism, the Sabbath is observed on the seventh day. The Menorah, a central symbol in Jewish worship, has seven branches.

  • The number seven is also important in Islam, where pilgrims walk around the Kaaba seven times during Hajj.

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The Talmud contains numerous references to seven, such as the belief that seven things were created before the world, including the Torah and the Messiah. The Seven Heavens mentioned in religious texts symbolize different spiritual planes or levels of divine understanding.

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Mystical Associations

In mysticism and esoteric traditions, the Heptad holds significant power:

  • In Kabbalah, there are seven lower Sephiroth in the Tree of Life, corresponding to different aspects of creation and human experience.

  • In alchemy, the number seven is linked to the seven metals and the seven alchemical operations required for spiritual transformation.

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Seven and the Human Body

The number seven is often connected to the human form:

  • The body has seven main parts: the head, chest, abdomen, two arms, and two legs.

  • The head has seven orifices: two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, and a mouth.

The Ogdoad – 8

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In the Pythagorean system, eight is considered a symbol of balance and cosmic harmony. It was believed to represent the universal balance and the underlying structure of the universe. The Greeks even had a proverb, "all things are eight," pointing to the number's significance in structuring reality. In music, the Ogdoad symbolized harmony, particularly through the musical ratios attributed to different celestial spheres and planets.

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Ogdoad as Harmony and Justice

Eight was referred to as "Cadmeia" because harmony, the wife of Cadmus in Greek myth, was thought to reflect the same cosmic balance that eight symbolized. This further connects the number to the concept of Justice. Macrobius and other ancient philosophers saw it as the number of even divisions, which reflect fairness and equal distribution.

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Religious and Mythological Symbolism

In Christian theology, the Beatitudes of Jesus are eight in number, reflecting blessings for those who live a righteous life (Matthew 5). Additionally, the Jews practiced circumcision on the eighth day, symbolizing purification and regeneration, and their Feast of Dedication (Chanukah) lasted eight days, during which eight candles were lit to commemorate the rededication of the Temple.

The number eight is also associated with Noah and the flood, where eight souls were saved in the ark, signifying a new beginning and the regeneration of life after destruction. In ancient Jewish mysticism, there are connections between the number eight and the Messiah, with harps that will have eight strings played before the Messiah's arrival.

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Mystical and Esoteric Traditions

In many esoteric systems, including Masonic orders like the Knights of the Royal Axe and the Royal Ark Mariners, the number eight carries a special significance as a symbol of rebirth, renewal, and secret wisdom. These systems often emphasize the power of eight in relation to divine regeneration and the ability to move beyond physical limitations.

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In Gnosticism, the Ogdoad often referred to a higher realm of divine beings or principles. This is seen in the Egyptian Ogdoad, which consisted of eight deities who were responsible for the creation of the universe, existing before the gods of the Ennead.

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Numerical and Astronomical Importance

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Astronomically, eight moons of Saturn were known in ancient times, and many ancient civilizations linked the number eight to celestial harmony. In the ancient Chinese tradition, there were eight primary musical sounds (Pah-yin), each corresponding to different natural elements and states of being, reflecting the cosmic order.

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The Regenerative Power of Eight

The number eight is often seen as the number of regeneration. As seven represents the completion of creation, eight is the beginning of a new cycle or the rebirth that follows. This regenerative power of eight can be seen in various mythological systems where it symbolizes life after death, eternal cycles, or the restoration of balance after chaos.

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In Christian symbolism, 888 is regarded as the number of Jesus Christ, contrasting with 666, the number of the Beast. This highlights eight's association with divine order and eternal life.

The Ennead – 9

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The Ennead, represented by the number 9, carries profound symbolic meaning in mystical, esoteric, and religious traditions. It is often seen as the final number within the single digits and marks completion or culmination.

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Mathematical and Philosophical Significance

The Ennead is the first square of an odd number and, symbolically, is thought of as encompassing all other numbers within the Decad (the numbers 1 to 10). The Greeks associated the number 9 with Prometheus and the concept of "freedom from strife", emphasizing its relation to perfection and completion. Additionally, 9 is connected to Vulcan (god of fire and craftsmanship), Juno, and Telesphoros, symbolizing completion, fire, and the final stages of gestation (as a human offspring is carried for nine months).

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Multiplicative Properties of 9

A unique property of the number 9 is that it always reproduces itself when multiplied by any other number. For example:

  • 9 × 2 = 18 (1 + 8 = 9)

  • 9 × 5 = 45 (4 + 5 = 9)

This regenerative nature represents the indestructibility of matter in Pythagorean thought, as matter transforms but does not vanish.

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Religious and Mystical Associations

In Christianity, nine orders of angels are identified:

  1. Seraphim

  2. Cherubim

  3. Thrones

  4. Dominions

  5. Virtues

  6. Powers

  7. Principalities

  8. Archangels

  9. Angels

These nine angelic orders indicate a celestial hierarchy, and the number 9 often symbolizes divine completeness.

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The Greek Muses are also a group of nine, representing different domains of the arts and knowledge, including poetry, history, music, and dance. These muses, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (Memory), play a vital role in inspiring creativity and preserving cultural wisdom.

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In Roman culture, the number 9 appears in the Novendiale, a feast held in memory of the dead every ninth year, reflecting its association with both life and death.

Esoteric Traditions

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In esoteric teachings, such as those in Freemasonry, there are references to 9 Elected Knights, and the use of 9 roses, 9 lights, and 9 knocks during certain rites. This ties the number 9 to the completion of cycles and the attainment of wisdom.

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The Great Eleusinian Mysteries, one of the most significant religious rites in ancient Greece, were celebrated for nine days in honor of Demeter and Persephone, further emphasizing the spiritual significance of this number in cycles of death and rebirth.

The Decad – 10

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The Decad or the number 10 holds a significant place in both mathematical and metaphysical traditions, especially in the teachings of the Pythagoreans, who viewed it as the pinnacle of numerical completion, symbolizing cosmic order and perfection. Here's an in-depth exploration of the number ten and its various symbolic and mystical meanings:

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Mathematical and Cosmic Symbolism

The Pythagoreans revered 10 as a number that signified completion and totality. Known as Panteleia, meaning "All Complete" or "Fully Accomplished," the Decad was viewed as the grand summit of numbers. Once this number was reached, there was no need to progress further; any additional increase led back to the Monad (1), reinforcing the cyclical nature of creation.

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The Decad was called the "receptacle of all numbers", as it contains the sum of the first four numbers (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10). This relationship made 10 a "holy and Deistic" number, embodying perfection in both arithmetic and geometric senses. The Tetractys, a triangular figure consisting of ten points arranged in four rows, symbolized this perfection, with its layers representing the progression from point to line, to surface, to solid, mapping out the structure of the universe.

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Divine and Cosmological Associations

In Pythagorean thought, 10 was deeply connected to Deity, Heaven, and Eternity, symbolizing the cosmos' perfect harmony. It was seen as the number of the universe (Kosmos), reflecting how all divine numbers from the celestial world are imprinted upon creation. The Decad was also linked to the Sun, which was considered eternal and the life-giver to all things.

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The number 10 was called Kleidoukos, meaning "having custody of others," because it contained the potential of all other numbers and symbolized the order of fate, power, and destiny. Atlas, the figure who carried the heavens on his shoulders in Greek mythology, was associated with the Decad for its strength in supporting the universe.

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Sacred and Religious Significance

The Decad features prominently in various religious traditions:

  • The Ten Commandments in the Judeo-Christian tradition represent divine law and moral completeness.

  • In the Kabbalah, the Ten Sephiroth represent the emanations through which the Infinite (Ein Sof) interacts with the finite world, encompassing divine qualities from Keter (Crown) to Malkuth (Kingdom). The Sephiroth are organized into three triads, with the tenth acting as the manifestation of the Divine in the physical world.

  • In Hinduism, the ten avatars of Vishnu (including figures like Rama, Krishna, and the yet-to-come Kalki) signify divine interventions in the cosmic cycle to restore order and righteousness.

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Spiritual Symbolism in Various Cultures

  1. The Mahometans speak of ten animals admitted to Paradise, including the dog of the Seven Sleepers and Balaam’s ass, highlighting the sacred importance of this number even in Islamic tradition.

  2. Jewish Kabbalah considers 10 to represent a divine order; ten men were required to constitute a quorum for prayer, showing the importance of this number in both religious and communal settings.

  3. Rosicrucian Mysticism identifies ten degrees of initiation, representing a progression from earthly knowledge to divine kingship.

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Numerological Significance and Power

In numerology, the Decad was seen as the sum of the divine Tetractys, where the four numbers (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) represent the natural order of creation:

  • 1: The point, symbolizing unity and the source.

  • 2: The line, representing duality and differentiation.

  • 3: The plane, expressing creativity and balance.

  • 4: The solid, symbolizing the material world.

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This perfect sum results in 10, embodying both the beginning and the end, or the Alpha and Omega. As such, it represents the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, tying into the symbolic nature of numbers in many mystical traditions.

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Decad in the Kabbalistic Tree of Life

In the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, the Ten Sephiroth form the structure through which the Divine flows into the material world. These ten spheres or emanations include:

  1. Keter (Crown) – the source of all creation.

  2. Chokmah (Wisdom) and Binah (Understanding) – representing the masculine and feminine principles.

  3. Tiphereth (Beauty) – the central pillar, reflecting harmony and balance.

  4. Malkuth (Kingdom) – the material world and the manifestation of divinity in the physical realm.

This organization shows the progression of spiritual energy from the highest, most abstract levels of being (Keter) to the most grounded, tangible aspects (Malkuth).

Eleven – 11

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Eleven (carries a complex symbolism across various mystical and religious traditions, often being associated with imperfection, imbalance, and even malevolence, especially in contrast to the completeness of Ten (10). Let's explore the key interpretations and significance of this number:

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Kabbalistic Interpretation

In the Kabbalistic tradition, 11 was seen as a number representing disorder and disharmony. The number 10 symbolizes completeness and the harmony of the Ten Sephiroth, while 11 introduces a sense of imbalance. The Kabbalists associated 11 with the Eleven Averse Sephiroth, representing the Qliphoth, which are the shadowy, destructive forces or "husks" that oppose the divine energy embodied in the Sephiroth. These Qliphoth are considered the forces of chaos, evil, and impurity, making 11 a number of spiritual and metaphysical distortion.

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On old Tarot cards, the number 16 trump (the Tower struck by lightning) often depicts the clash between these opposing forces—the Ten Sephiroth and the Eleven Averse Sephiroth—further highlighting 11's association with destruction and upheaval. This symbolism emphasizes the precarious nature of 11, standing between order and chaos.

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Negative Associations

Throughout history, 11 has been viewed with suspicion due to its association with the disruption of order:

  • It was seen as sinful and imperfect, exceeding the Ten Commandments, but falling short of the more harmonious number 12.

  • In Christian symbolism, after Judas Iscariot's betrayal, the number of Disciples was reduced to 11, a number that highlighted the incompleteness and imperfection left by the act of betrayal.

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Furthermore, in Jewish lore, Lilith, often regarded as the dangerous she-devil and the first wife of Adam, was associated with this number. Lilith was believed to endanger women during childbirth, and thus, protective incantations were made to ward off her influence, emphasizing 11's role as a number associated with demonic forces and the dangers of chaos.

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Cultural and Religious Symbolism

  • Eleven was called the "Number of Sins" because it transgresses the divine order represented by Ten. It symbolizes a step beyond what is righteous and lawful, making it a number of transgression.

  • Despite this, 11 is sometimes linked to penitence and redemption, as seen in the parable of the workers in the vineyard (Matthew 20:6-9), where the man hired at the eleventh hour still receives grace and reward. This suggests that while 11 carries an inherent imbalance, it is not beyond the reach of divine mercy.

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Mystical Properties

In numerology, 11 is often considered a Master Number, representing spiritual insight, heightened intuition, and illumination. This is a more modern interpretation, contrasting the traditional view of 11 as chaotic or sinful. The duality of 11—both mystical and malevolent—speaks to its role as a number that exists at the edge of transformation, embodying both the potential for spiritual awakening and the risk of falling into chaos.

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Other Symbolic Uses

  • Rabbi Jochanan in the Talmud taught that 11 spices were revealed to Moses for use in the holy incense, giving 11 a ritualistic and spiritual significance in the context of temple worship.

  • In the Hebrew language, 11 is expressed as Achad Osher (One and Ten), emphasizing its positioning between the harmonious Ten and the divine Twelve.

Twelve – 12

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The number Twelve holds immense significance across various cultures, traditions, and mystical systems. It is universally regarded as a symbol of completion, harmony, and cosmic order, often associated with divine governance and cycles of time.

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Astrological and Cosmological Significance

One of the most prominent associations of 12 is with the Zodiac, the twelve-part division of the celestial sphere. Each of the twelve zodiac signs corresponds to a segment of the ecliptic, making 12 a number that governs the cosmic cycles. The 360-degree circle of the zodiac is divided into twelve 30-degree segments, each representing a zodiac sign.

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In ancient systems, this number also aligns with the twelve lunar months in a solar year, reinforcing its role in structuring time and the heavens. Many cultures, from the Egyptians to the Hebrews, tied their calendar and religious practices to the number twelve, reflecting the cosmic order they observed in the stars and the cycles of the Moon and Sun.

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Religious and Mythological Connections

  • The Twelve Sons of Jacob: In the Bible, Jacob's twelve sons became the founders of the Twelve Tribes of Israel (Genesis 35:22–26). These tribes symbolize the divisions of Israel and are deeply connected to the zodiac, each tribe traditionally corresponding to a zodiac sign. The twelve tribes symbolize divine completeness and the nation's unity under God.

  • The Twelve Apostles: In Christianity, Jesus chose twelve apostles, symbolizing the establishment of the Church as a reflection of divine order. After the betrayal of Judas Iscariot, his replacement by Matthias brought the number of apostles back to twelve, restoring the symbolic completeness.

  • The Twelve Labors of Hercules: In Greek mythology, Hercules performed twelve heroic labors, each associated with a zodiac sign, representing the sun’s journey through the twelve houses of the zodiac.

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Masonic and Occult Significance

In Freemasonry, twelve plays a role in various ceremonies and is referred to in the "Twelve Grand Points of Masonry." These points correspond to the sons of Jacob, assigning each one a specific role during the initiation process. The symbolic attribution reinforces the idea that twelve is central to the establishment of moral and ethical principles in Masonic teachings.

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Rosicrucian mysticism also revered the number twelve, associating it with the Twelve Permutations of the Tetragrammaton (IHVH). These permutations represent the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the divine and the way in which the divine manifests within the world.

12 in Kabbalah and Mysticism

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In Kabbalah, twelve holds a revered place, symbolized by the Twelve Tribes of Israel and the Twelve Stones of the High Priest's Breastplate. Each stone, representing a tribe, is said to channel specific divine energies. The Twelve Simple Letters of the Hebrew alphabet also correlate with the zodiac signs, creating a connection between divine language and cosmic order.

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Additionally, 12 relates to the Sephiroth in Kabbalistic traditions. Although the primary system includes ten Sephiroth, the notion of divine completeness often extends into mystical concepts where twelve suggests an amplified state of spiritual balance.

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Associations with Time and Cycles

Twelve is crucial to the division of time:

  • 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night complete a full daily cycle, symbolizing balance.

  • The 12 months of the year represent the solar cycle, tied to the movement of the Earth around the Sun.

  • The 12 signs of the Zodiac mark the progression of the seasons, mapping cosmic influences on human life.

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Symbolic Colors and Correspondences

In astrology, the twelve signs of the zodiac have been associated with specific colors and elemental qualities:

  • Aries: white, masculine, diurnal, fire

  • Taurus: white and yellow, feminine, nocturnal, earth

  • Gemini: red, masculine, diurnal, air

  • Cancer: green and brown, feminine, nocturnal, water …and so forth. These associations reflect not only the qualities of the signs but also their influence on earthly elements and life forces.

Other Notable Associations of Twelve

  • Twelve Stones of the High Priest's Breastplate: The Twelve Stones mentioned in the Bible were embedded in the breastplate worn by the High Priest, each corresponding to one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.

  • Twelve Foundations of the Heavenly City: In Revelations 21, the foundation of the heavenly city is described with twelve foundations, each made of a precious stone.

  • Twelve Simple Letters: In Hebrew, the twelve simple letters of the alphabet also correspond to the twelve signs of the zodiac, furthering the connection between language, divine structure, and cosmic order.

Thirteen – 13

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The number Thirteen (13) has both mystical and cultural significance, though its reputation varies across different traditions and contexts.

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Thirteen in Mesoamerican Cultures

Among the Mexicans and the people of Yucatan, 13 was a sacred number. The Maya and other Mesoamerican civilizations used a calendar system based on cycles of 13 days, which were part of their sacred Tzolk'in calendar, a system central to their religious and astrological practices. The year was divided into 28 weeks of 13 days, and four cycles of 13 years formed a 52-year cycle—a sacred period that marked significant changes and was deeply tied to their cosmology.

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In Yucatan, there were also 13 Snake Gods, associated with cosmic order and the movements of celestial bodies. The snake was a powerful symbol of life, death, and rebirth in many Mesoamerican religions, and the number 13 was tied to the serpent’s transformation and the cycles of the stars.

Thirteen in Hebrew Tradition

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In Hebrew numerology, 13 is far from unlucky and is instead linked to positive concepts:

  • AHBH (אהבה), meaning Love, has the numerical value of 13 in Gematria (Hebrew numerology).

  • AChD (אחד), meaning Unity or Oneness, also equals 13, symbolizing the union of different forces or entities into a single whole.

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This positive association extends to religious and cultural practices:

  • At 13 years of age, a Jewish boy reaches Bar Mitzvah, marking his passage into adulthood and religious responsibility.

  • The Temple in Jerusalem had 13 collecting horns, 13 tables, and 13 reverential bows as part of the service, emphasizing the importance of this number in the rituals of the sacred space.

  • In the Hebrew liturgy, there are 13 logical rules used to interpret the law, which further enforces 13 as a number of wisdom and divine law.

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Thirteen in Christianity

The association of 13 with bad luck primarily stems from Christian tradition, specifically the Last Supper, where 13 people were present—Jesus and his 12 apostles. The betrayal of Jesus by Judas Iscariot has led to the number being associated with misfortune and treachery. Over time, the superstition surrounding the number spread throughout Christian cultures, and 13 came to be viewed as unlucky, a superstition that persists to this day in Western societies.

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Gnosticism and Esoteric Traditions

In Gnosticism, a mystical sect of early Christianity, 13 also held sacred meaning. Gnostic gems were often inscribed with 13-lettered names for God, such as ABLANA Th ANALBA, suggesting that 13 was seen as a number of divine protection and mystical power. This contrasts sharply with the later Christian association of 13 with misfortune.

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Thirteen in Divination

The 13 cards in each suit of a deck of cards are sometimes used in divination, correlating to the 13 lunar months in a year. The cyclical nature of the moon's phases aligns with the use of cards in fortune-telling, making 13 a number of mystery and transformation in the context of lunar magic and divination practices.

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Superstition and Cultural Perspectives

Though 13 is often considered unlucky in Western societies, it’s worth noting that many cultures hold 13 in high regard, associating it with rebirth, transformation, and cosmic cycles. The superstition around Friday the 13th, for instance, reflects a blend of Christian tradition and general fear of the number, but this is a relatively modern phenomenon when viewed from a broader historical perspective.

Some Hindu Uses of Numbers

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The Hindu system of using numbers in relation to everyday objects or cosmic principles is deeply symbolic and reflects their vast knowledge of nature, spirituality, and cosmology. These associations provided a practical method for remembering numbers through meaningful references, which was especially useful in oral traditions and teachings. Let's take a closer look at some of these number associations mentioned:

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One (1)

  • Moon or Earth: The Moon represents singularity, as there is only one visible moon in the sky from Earth's perspective. Similarly, the Earth is a singular entity in the cosmic sense. This use reflects the oneness and unity of the natural world.

Two (2)

  • Eye, Wing, or Arm: Pairs of things commonly found in the natural world were used to represent the number two. Eyes represent vision and dual perception, wings denote flight and balance, and arms symbolize the ability to act and create. In Vedic cosmology, the number two is often associated with duality, such as the sun and moon or the balance between opposing forces.

Three (3)

  • Rama, Fire, or Guna:

    • Rama: There are three Ramas in Hindu mythology, symbolizing different aspects of righteousness and heroism.

    • Fire: Fire is considered in three forms in Vedic rituals—Agni (earthly fire), Vaidyuta (lightning fire), and Saura (solar fire).

    • Gunas: The three gunas—Sattva (purity), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia)—are fundamental qualities that define the nature of reality and human consciousness.

Four (4)

  • Veda, Age, or Ocean:

    • Vedas: There are four Vedas—Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda—which form the foundation of Hindu philosophy and religious practice.

    • Age: In Hindu cosmology, there are four Yugas or ages—Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga—each representing a different epoch in the cycle of time.

    • Ocean: The four oceans symbolize the vastness and universality of the waters that surround the Earth.

Six (6)

  • Seasons: In the traditional Hindu calendar, there are six seasons (or Ritus): Vasanta (spring), Grishma (summer), Varsha (monsoon), Sharad (autumn), Hemanta (pre-winter), and Shishira (winter). These represent the cyclical nature of time and the rhythms of nature.

Seven (7)

  • Sage or Vowel:

    • Sage: The number seven is often associated with the Saptarishi or the seven sages who represent knowledge, wisdom, and the guiding lights of human consciousness.

    • Vowel: In some linguistic traditions, the seven vowels correspond to the essential sounds in the Sanskrit alphabet, which are integral to the vibration and structure of the universe.

Twelve (12)

  • Sun or Zodiac: The Sun is associated with the twelve months of the year and the twelve signs of the Zodiac. These twelve divisions represent the full cycle of the Earth's journey around the Sun and the influence of the cosmos on human life and destiny.

Twenty (20)

  • Nails (of hands and feet): Referring to the twenty nails of the fingers and toes, this use is a simple yet effective mnemonic device. In many cultures, counting on fingers and toes was a common method of calculation, and this association reflects that tradition.

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Conclusion

In ancient India, these numeric associations provided a mnemonic bridge between numbers and natural, cosmic, or spiritual realities. By linking numbers to elements of the world and human experience, the ancients cultivated a system that was both practical and mystical. These symbolic uses of numbers not only helped with memorization but also reflected the deep connections between the microcosm (human life) and the macrocosm (the universe).

Other Higher Numbers

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14

  • The number 14 holds significance in various traditions:

    • The 14 parts of Osiris in Egyptian mythology reflect a powerful symbolism of death and resurrection.

    • Jesus was crucified on the 14th day of the month, connecting the number with sacrifice and redemption.

    • In Jewish traditions, the Paschal lamb was slaughtered on the 14th day of Nisan, aligning it with deliverance and protection.

    • 14 days of burial are noted in the Master Mason's degree, hinting at regeneration or transformation through ritual.

15

  • Fifteen pairs of Aeons (holy principles) are notable in Gnosticism, showing their symbolic structure of the divine.

    • In Kabbalah, 15 is the numerical value of the name of God, Yah, derived from YH (10 + 5).

    • The number 15 also references steps in the Temple and the Psalms of Degrees sung by priests, bringing sacred ascent into the picture.

16

  • This number, often referred to as a square number, symbolizes stability and completion.

    • The 16 court cards in a Tarot deck illustrate structure within the deck, balancing the elemental forces within the four suits.

17

  • In Plutarch's account, 17 was considered unlucky by the Egyptians, as Osiris was killed on the 17th day, symbolizing imbalance and disruption between square and oblong numbers.

18

  • In Jewish tradition, 18 is seen as a lucky number, as it corresponds to the word "Chai" (life). It holds protective qualities and is tied to many blessings in religious liturgies.

19

  • The Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years, represents the time when the solar and lunar calendars realign. This is crucial in the calculations for various ancient religious observances.

20

  • In Talmudic traditions, the number 20 has a strong connection to the age of responsibility, indicating the appropriate time for men to marry and settle down.

22

  • 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet are deeply significant in Kabbalistic thought, relating to the Sephiroth and their emanations in the Sepher Yetzirah.

32 and 33

  • 32 Paths of Wisdom in the Sepher Yetzirah reference a fundamental structure in Kabbalistic cosmology, showing the pathways of divine wisdom.

    • 33 is significant in Christian mysticism, marking the years of Jesus's life and his spiritual mission.

36

  • In Pythagorean thought, 36 is linked to the Tetractys, which was a mystical figure formed by four rows of dots representing the first four numbers (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10). This ties the number to cosmic completeness.

The Apocalyptic Numbers

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The apocalyptic numbers presented here, drawn from the Book of Revelation, reflect the highly symbolic and esoteric nature of biblical prophecy. These numbers are laden with metaphorical meaning, often representing divine perfection, judgment, or the cosmic order. Let’s briefly explore the most significant numbers:

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Two (2)

  • 2 Witnesses: These two witnesses, mentioned in Revelation 11, symbolize the faithful testimony of God, often interpreted as representations of the Old and New Testaments or as specific prophetic figures.

  • 2 Olive Trees and 2 Candlesticks: Symbolic of the two anointed ones (prophets or messengers) who stand before the Lord.

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Three (3)

  • 3 Woes: These woes represent three great calamities that befall humanity, showcasing divine judgment.

  • 1/3 part destroyed: The fraction (one-third) symbolizes partial judgment—whether of vegetation, the sea, or the stars.

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Three and a Half (3½)

  • 3½ days: The period that the bodies of the two witnesses remain unburied, signifying a temporary but severe trial.

  • 3½ years: Often interpreted as 42 months or 1,260 days, this time period represents half of a "perfect" seven-year cycle, denoting a period of tribulation or oppression.

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Four (4)

  • 4 Beasts, 4 Horses, 4 Angels: The number four typically represents the physical world or creation, linked to the four directions (north, south, east, west) and the elements. In Revelation, the four beasts and horses often represent forces of nature or divine agents carrying out God's will.

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Five (5)

  • 5 Months: A specific period during which locust-like creatures torment humanity, representing a finite period of divine wrath.

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Six (6)

  • 6 Wings of the Beasts: These living creatures with six wings are likely a reference to seraphim, symbolic of their readiness to serve God.

  • 666: The infamous number of the beast, often understood to represent imperfection or evil in contrast to divine completeness, which is typically symbolized by the number seven.

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Seven (7)

  • 7 Churches, 7 Stars, 7 Candlesticks: These groups of seven symbolize completeness and divine authority, representing the totality of God’s interaction with His church.

  • 7 Seals, Trumpets, Thunders, Plagues, Vials: Each set of seven unleashes a wave of judgments or revelations, depicting divine order in carrying out the end-time events.

  • 7 Spirits of God: This can be interpreted as the fullness of God’s Spirit or as the sevenfold ministry of the Holy Spirit.

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Ten (10)

  • 10 Horns: Horns generally symbolize power or authority, and the number ten represents completeness in worldly power or government, often associated with oppressive kingdoms or rulers.

  • 10 Crowns: Represent political power and dominion, linked to the ten kings who align with the beast.

 

Twelve (12)

  • 12 Tribes, 12 Apostles, 12 Gates, 12 Foundations: The number twelve symbolizes God’s people, both in the Old and New Testaments. It also points to heavenly perfection and order, as seen in the New Jerusalem.

  • 12,000 Furlongs and 12,000 from each tribe: These numbers emphasize divine order and completeness in the measurement of the New Jerusalem and the sealing of God's chosen.

 

Twenty-four (24)

  • 24 Elders: Represent the unity of the Old and New Covenants—12 tribes of Israel and 12 apostles—symbolizing all of God’s people.

 

Forty-Two (42)

  • 42 Months: Equivalent to 1,260 days or 3½ years, this period represents a time of trial and tribulation, particularly associated with the reign of the beast.

 

One Hundred Forty-Four Thousand (144,000)

  • 144,000: The 12,000 chosen from each tribe represents the fullness and perfection of God’s people, sealed for protection.

 

One Thousand (1000)

  • 1000 Years: The millennium represents a long, finite period in which the faithful reign with Christ, and Satan is bound. It reflects an era of peace and divine rule before the final judgment.

 

Large Numbers

  • 100,000,000 Angels: Signifies an innumerable host of heavenly beings, surrounding the throne of God and worshipping Him.

 

These numbers, especially in their symbolic use in the Book of Revelation, serve to underscore the cosmic scope of divine judgment, the unfolding of God’s plan for humanity, and the ultimate triumph of good over evil.

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